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Prehistoric Indonesia
Geology
Archipelago is an interesting study of the geology because it is very active. To the east to the southern islands have bows meeting of two continental plates are large: the Eurasian Plate and Indo-Australian. In this section, the Eurasian plate moving towards the south and plunged down the Indo-Australian Plate is moving northward. Due to this line of volcanoes formed along the island of Sumatra, Java, to the islands of Nusa Tenggara. This area is also prone to earthquakes as a result.
In the eastern part of the meeting there were two other large continental plates, the Eurasian Plate and Pacific Plate. These meetings form the rows of volcanoes in northern Maluku Islands to the northern island of Sulawesi to the Philippines. Archipelago at the end of the Ice Age never be part of two major mainland
Modern western archipelago emerged roughly around Pleistocene connected with mainland Asia. Previously estimated that some territory is part of the ocean floor. The mainland is called the Sunda Shelf ("Sundaland") by the geology. Eastern boundary parallel to the mainland long ago what is now known as the Wallace Line.
Areas east of the archipelago, on the other hand, is geographically connected with the continent of Australia and older as the mainland. The mainland is known as Sahul Shelf and part of the Indo-Australian Plate, which in turn is part of the Gondwana continent.
At the end of the last Ice Age (20000-10000 years ago), Earth's average temperature increase and sea level rose rapidly. Most of the Sunda Shelf sea and forming a closed circuit Strait of Malacca, South China Sea, Strait of Karimata, and the Java Sea. In this period formed the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan Island, and surrounding islands. In the east, Guinea and Aru Islands separated from the mainland continent of Australia. This sea-level rise forced the dwellers of this region separated from each other and encourage the formation of modern society the inhabitants of the archipelago.
Plants, animals and hominids
Geological history of the archipelago affect flora and fauna, including human-like creatures that ever inhabited this region. Some inland archipelago was once a seabed, such as the south coast region of Java and Nusa Tenggara. Various marine animal fossils found in this region. This area is known as a karst area formed from ancient deposits of limestone coral reefs.
Coal deposition in Sumatra and Kalimantan have indicated the existence of the forest from the Paleozoic.
The shallow sea between Sumatra, Java (including Bali), and Kalimantan, and the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait is a new young waters began to take shape when the end of the last Ice Age (10,000 years before the modern era). This is the cause why there are many similarities of plants and animals among the three big islands.
Flora and fauna on these three islands have in common with mainland Asia (Indochina, Malay Peninsula, and Philippines). Tigers, elephants, tapirs, buffalo, pigs, rhinos, and many birds that live in the Asian continent that has many relatives in the third island.
Human-like creatures (hominin) who inhabit the archipelago of known human is Java. Fossils from one part of Pithecanthropus erectus skull discovered in 1891 by Eugene Dubois in the Sandpipers, ngawi. Since 1934, G.H.R. von Koenigswald and his team discovered a series of hominin fossils in a valley along the Solo, which is in Sangiran and Ngandong and on the banks of the Brantas River near Mojokerto. The most paleontologists now believe that all fossils are the findings from the Javanese Homo erectus and is a primitive form. Originally predicted 1 million to 500,000 years old (carbon measurement is not possible), now based radiometric measurements of the volcanic mineral layer on the alleged discovery of an older age, ie 1.7 to 1.5 million years. [1] [2]
The first modern Homo sapiens into alleged archipelago of about 100,000 years ago, through India and Indochina. The first Homo sapiens fossils found in Java by van Rietschoten (1889), team members Dubois, in Wajak, near Campurdarat, Tulungagung, on the banks of the Brantas River. [3] He was found along with bones tapir, an animal which at present do not live in Java . Fossils Wajak considered race along with fossil Niah Caves in Sarawak and Tabon Cave in Palawan Island. Niah fossils estimated 40000-25000 years old (Pleistocene period) and shows characteristics of race Australomelanesoid. [4] They are the axes of cultural support perimbas (Chopper) and included in the culture paleolitikum (Old Stone Age).
The announcement in 2003 about the discovery of Homo floresiensis are regarded as primitive Homo species by its discoverers ignited a new debate about the possibility of human-like species that lives in the same period with H. sapiens, since only 20000-10000 years old since the modern era and not fossilized. This contrasts with the previous assumption that states that only H. sapiens to survive in the archipelago at the time. The debate is not yet final, because opponents regard H. H. floresiensis is sapiens who suffered from diseases so that dwarfs the size.
Human migration
Evidence of Homo sapiens first known from skulls and the remains of hominin bones in Wajak, Niah Caves (Sarawak), as well as new findings in the Mountains Sewu since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century to the present, extending from Gunungkidul regency, Yogyakarta, to the Gulf region Pacitan Pacitan. Findings in Wajak, who first found hard to determine penanggalannya, but the fossils in the Niah Caves showed age about 40,000 years ago. Age fossils in the cave intact Braholo (Gunungkidul, discovered in 2002) and Song (Cave) Keplek and Continue (Pacitan) younger age (about 10,000 years before the modern era or the year 0 AD). Prediction is derived from the forms found in the accompanying tools.
Although coming from different cultural periods, the fossils that shows characteristics Austromelanesoid, a subras of Negroid race is now known as the natives of Papua Island, Melanesian, and Australian Continent. The theory of the origin of this race was first described by Fritz and Paul Sarasin, two undergraduate brothers (cousins of each other) in the late Swiss-19th century. In its study, they saw similarities between the characteristics which inhabit the Vedda people of Sri Lanka with some characteristics similar natives in the islands of Southeast Asia and Australia.
Prehistoric relics of the archipelago known from the various findings of graffiti / painting on cave walls or recessed in the cliffs and the digs at archaeological sites.
Some locations discovery of prehistoric remains of the archipelago:
* Princess Cave Site, Baturaja, South Sumatra
* Valley of Sangiran, is now the Archaeological Park Sangiran
* Archaeological Sites Wajak, Tulungagung
* Liang Bua, Flores Island
* Leang-Leang Cave, Central Sulawesi
* Site Sangkulirang Cave Hills, East Kutai
* Site Pasemah in Lampung
* Site Cipari, Kuningan, West Java
* Site Pawon Goa, Bandung, West Java
* Site Gunungpadang, Cianjur, West Java
* Site Gilimanuk, Jembrana, Bali
* Site The caves of Biak, Papua (40000-30000 BC) [5]
* Site Painting beach in Raja Ampat, West Papua
* Site Tutari, Jayapura regency, (Megalithic period) [6]
* Pigs in Gunung Batu Caves Buli, Randu village, Muara Uya, Tabalong
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